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Sewage Sludge Disposal – Land Application issues and environmental – an overview

Sewage sludge DISPOSAL – ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS APPLICATION OF LAND – OVERVIEW

Md. Wasim Aktar

Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemicals,
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741 252, Nadia, West Bengal, India

1. Introduction
Most processes produce wastewater treatment a sludge that must be eliminated. Conventional secondary treatment plants typically generate a sewage primary sludge in the primary sedimentation stage of treatment and secondary biological sludge final sedimentation after the biological process. The characteristics of secondary sludge vary with the type of biological processes and often mixed with primary sludge before treatment and disposal. About half of the operating costs of secondary treatment plant wastewater in Europe may be associated with sludge treatment and disposal. Land application of raw or treated sewage sludge can significantly reduce the disposal of sludge component cost of wastewater treatment as well as providing much of the nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of many crops. It is very unusual for urban systems sewer only transport domestic wastewater treatment plants, industrial effluents and storm water-runoff from roads and other areas paved often discharged into the sewers. Thus, sewage sludge also contain organic waste, traces of many pollutants used in our modern society. Some of these chemicals may be phytotoxic and some are toxic to humans and / or animals so it is necessary to control concentrations the ground of potentially toxic elements (PTE) and the rate of land application. The health risk of chemicals in sewage sludge applied to land has been reviewed by Dean and Suess1
Sewage sludge also contains pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa, along with other helminth parasites which may lead to potential risks to the health of humans, animals and plants. A WHO (1981) Report on the risk to health of microbes in sewage sludge applied to land Taenia salmonella identified as giving rise to concern. The number of pathogens and parasites in the sludge can be significantly reduced before land application of sludge treatment methods and on the potential health risk is further reduced the effects of climate, soil, microorganisms and the time after the sludge is applied to the soil. However, in the case of certain crops, restrictions on planting, grazing and harvesting are required.
Apart from the components of concern, sewage sludge also contains useful concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. The availability of phosphorus content in the year of application is 50% and is independent of any treatment of sludge before. nitrogen availability is more dependent on sludge treatment, sludge untreated liquid and dewatered sludge which release nitrogen slowly with the benefits for crops to be realized over a relatively long period. Liquid anaerobic conditions, digested sludge has a high content of ammonia-nitrogen that is readily available to plants and can be of particular benefit for pasture. The organic matter in sludge can improve the water holding capacity and structure of some soils, especially when applied in the form of cake dewatered sludge.
2. What is the mud?
Wastes, biosolids, septage, sewage, waste water byproduct, compost: no many names for the sludge and sludge products. The term "sludge" is used as most people understand: the sometimes strong, sometimes materials liquids generated by treatment plants and wastewater used as fertilizer on fields, gravel pits, and forest lands throughout the state. Sludge classified as "Class A" if it has germs to reduce the levels of base (the levels normally found in soils) and "Class B" if it has been treated so that germs are reduced by 90%.
3. Composition of sewage sludge:
The nature of sewage sludge treatment process depends wastewater and the wastewater source. In general, it contains toxic and non-toxic organic wastes. Of the two, non-toxic compounds are more common which includes all materials plant and animal origin, including proteins, amino acids, sugars and fats. toxic organic compounds include hydrocarbons polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), alkyl phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) to organochlorine pesticides, monocyclic aromatics, chlorinated benzenes, aromatic and alkyl amines, polychlorinated dioxins, phenols, etc. Besides these sewage sludge organic waste material also contains traces of many pollutants, as copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, lead, arsenic, chromium, selenium, etc. Some of these chemicals may be phytotoxic and some are toxic to humans and / or animals, so it is necessary to monitor soil concentrations of potentially toxic elements and soil application rate. sewage sludge also contains pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, viruses and parasites along with other worms that could lead to potential health risks to humans, animals and plants. Apart from components of sewage sludge also contains the concern of public utility of N, P and organic matter. Each component of the sludge has its own environmental impact to be taken into account when choosing the escape route.

4. Sludge treatment:
Increasing urbanization and industrialization have led to resulted in a dramatic increase in the volume of wastewater produced worldwide. The concentrated wastewater treatment stage of the different pollutants (up to 90%) in sewage sludge, which usually contains between 1% and 2% by weight dry solids. Wastewater Treatment usually involves the following processes sludge process for the production of finished products suitable for the use or disposal:

Sludge processing methods
Description process

Sludge pasteurization at least 30 minutes at 70 º C or less than four hours at 55 º C (or appropriate conditions intermediate), followed in all cases by primary mesophilic anaerobic digestion.

Mesophilic anaerobic digestion period average retention of at least 12 days of digestion primary temperature range of 35 ° C ± 3 º C or 20 days of primary Atleast digestion in temperature range 25 ° C ± 3 º C in each case followed by a stage providing a secondary means of retention period of at least 14 days.

Thermophilic aerobic digestion half retention period of at least 7 days digestion. All sludge to be subject to a minimum of 55 º C for a period of at least 4 hours.

Composting Compost should be kept at 40 º C for at least 5 days and 4 hours during this period to a minimum of 55 º C in the body of the pile followed by a maturation period to ensure adequate the compost reaction process is complete.

lime stabilization of liquid sludge addition of lime to raise the pH to 12.0 and more than enough to ensure that the pH is not less than 12 for at least 2 hours. The sludge can be used directly.

Storage Liquid Storage untreated liquid sludge for a minimum period of three months.

Drain Fitting and storage of untreated sludge with lime or other coagulants followed by dehydration and storage of the cake for a minimum period of three months. If the sludge has been subject to primary mesophilic anaerobic digestion storage for for a minimum period of 14 days.

5. Agricultural application
The application of sewage sludge as fertilizer, "insurance" began in earnest after the 1988 ban on dumping sewage sludge into the sea. When the Ocean Dumping Ban Act 1988 came into force, municipalities and Govts. left with a new problem – how to get rid of tons of sludge generated daily. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) intervened with a plan to "solve" this problem by promoting sludge (sometimes called "biosolids," a public relations term is used interchangeably with EPA the technical term "sewage sludge) as fertilizer to spread on land – where people live, work and play. Although, the viscous, black cake adds, matter organic fertilizers to poor soils, making them productive and profitable, the main constraints imposed by factors including pathogens, heavy metals, toxic organic compounds. Therefore, the plan that EPA has allowed toxic chemicals in air, water, soil, crops and in us. Thus, to call sludge "compost" is equivalent to calling a soup of "food" which, although it contains some meat and vegetables, also contains some Lead, a little arsenic, and perhaps hundreds or even thousands of other toxic organic and inorganic materials whose impact varies carcinogen birth defect to teratogens (induction). "Most people want a simple answer, it is good or bad. The answer is not so simple. It is not completely without risk, but it has benefits. Like driving a car, "Sanden said.

The benefits of sewage sludge on agricultural land
• valuable for agricultural nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur can be returned to earth
• The levels of soil organic matter have increased 12% – 15%
• Groundwater and surface water quality are maintained
• Decrease in bulk density and increased capillary porosity No
• Improve the aggregation of soil particles
• No significant health or nuisance problems occur

6. Problem sludge
The sludge contains measurable amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals, dioxins and other toxic chemicals. The sludge also contains pathogens – Human germs, bacteria, viruses and parasites. Sludge and smells: the smell of sludge is more than a nuisance but a threat to public health which has been linked with respiratory problems and death. The land application of sludge distributed pollutants from large cities to rural areas, far from where they were originally produced. State and federal agencies of different countries regulate the broadcasting of mud, but regulation of this waste is difficult and problematic. Many scientists agree that the current implementation rules of the land do not protect human health, agricultural productivity, or the environment. Lack of funding to provide adequate supervision and the regulatory nature of sewage sludge permit the spread of an unknown quality to occur in our land.
Problems with the sludge are:
? Sludge containing heavy metals, toxic chemicals and pathogens.
? The testing and regulation Sludge is insufficient and problematic.
? sludge odors pose a threat to public health and the diminishing quality of life.

7. The problem with sludge
7.1. How toxic sludge fertilizer
In traditional agricultural societies, human waste is often used to enrich the soil. The Revolution Industrial caused increasing urbanization and the need for cities to develop primitive sewage systems to eliminate human waste. Pipes and canals were built to discharge wastewater directly into our lakes, rivers and oceans. As the industry grew World factories began to use these sewer systems primitive to dispose of their waste. This practice continued well into the 20th century, when industry began to use toxic chemicals extensively. Use local sewer system as a toxic waste dump was an easy solution to problems of disposal and was cheaper than treating their waste on the site. The waste water laden with toxic chemicals created public health and environmental disasters worldwide: rivers caught fire, supplies public drinking water was contaminated, and the waste deposited on our beaches. Public protest against the increasing number of disasters led to the adoption of Federal Clean Water Act in 1972. This law establishes water quality standards at the national level and provided money to communities to improve sewerage systems and to create treatment wastewater facilities. Unfortunately, instead of addressing the root of the problem is to stop the industrial use and disposal of toxic chemicals Once the act regulated the amount of pollution large industries could free sewer systems.
In late 1970, extensive systems of wastewater have been built throughout the country. water treatment plants were built to separate residual solid waste water, and after a natural treatment chemical return the water in the environment, free of human waste. Unfortunately, they were not built for the treatment of toxic chemical waste. Although this wastewater plant systems and wastewater treatment to improve the level of public health and water quality, have a defect ironic. The treatment process produces a cleaner water but also creates a toxic byproduct: mud. In fact, the Clean Water Act rightly defines sludge contamination. Like all the waste sludge must disposed of in some way. What to do with the sludge has been a source of controversy for the past three decades in the world. Through the 1970s and 80s, the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) strictly regulates the application of sewage sludge land, effectively banning much of the waste to be used in land agricultural. facilities wastewater treatment could only dispose of the sludge in one of three ways: by sending to a landfill, by incineration, or by dumping 100 miles offshore in the ocean.2
Ocean dumping eventually created large areas under the Dead Sea. In response to public concern, the Congress passed the Law on ocean dumping, which banned ocean dumping of sludge in sludge 1992.3 assignments was then largely limited to landfills and incineration which became costly for the plant wastewater treatment. municipal treatment facilities pressured the EPA to relax its rules application of sewage sludge for land in agricultural fields. After a series of rewrites proposed EPA regulations, companies that sell municipal water companies wastewater and sludge treatment facilities were successful in the relaxation of the limits of the toxins in the sludge land spreading. What was once considered waste Hazardous became a fertilizer? By classifying the sludge as fertilizer, became exempt from various waste management regulations.
7.2. Marketing Toxic Sludge
Municipal water treatment facilities will depend on the corridors of corporate sludge to dispose of their sludge. To dispose of it, these companies convince private farmers and owners around the country to spread sludge on his fields as a nutrient supplement for their crops. Mud is marketed to owners and consumers in two different ways. The first and most obvious, is offering free sludge. Convincing individual owners that sludge is "agronomic benefit "to his country, agents are finding sludge disposal sites and extremely cheap for sludge that otherwise would have to be sent to landfills or incinerators, at a cost of approximately $ 70 ton.4
Companies then claim that everyone wins: treatment plants have an option of selling at low price for their sludge, giving taxpayers a break, and landowners get the nutrients free from their fields. As an accurate result, brokers foot sludge fees provision of the treatment plant. The corridors of the sludge also escape potential liability, which is now assumed by the farmer or owner of property. The second form is sold sludge by composting or palletizing it. Then it can be sold or given away as compost or fertilizer. Given the weakening of the regulations sludge in the late 1980s, citizens of traveling the world have been struggling to keep the sludge from being spread on the fields and farmland in their communities. Activists fighting against the sludge are formidable opponents. water treatment plants and sludge agents have formed groups to trade, such as New England and biosolids Waste Association (NEBRA). Nebra, in turn, is part of a larger group and even more powerful: the National Association of biosolids, which is a coalition of groups such as the EPA and the Water Environment Federation, whose main responsibility is to change "public awareness" about the spread of sludge.
7.3. Toxic Sludge secrets
Sludge land application of laws is required to have toxic levels below certain limits and is treated with lime to reduce pathogen levels. However, World sludge is completely free of toxic chemicals or pathogens. In fact, after issue, Class B sludge still contains a significant amount of pathogens5.
7.4. Toxic Sludge
A. Metal Heavy
All the world sludge contains heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and zinc.6 These metals are persistent, ie that do not decompose in the environment and therefore accumulate over time. As the Cornell Cooperative Extension of the states, "most of the heavy metals remain in soil for long periods of time, ranging from decades to centuries. "Heavy metals in sludge spread on earth therefore become permanent additions to the total amount the ground. Even very small amounts of heavy metals in sludge, therefore, are dangerous.7 High levels of arsenic in food or water can be deadly. Cadmium, chromium, nickel and selenium have been associated with cancer. Cadmium has also been linked to kidney problems, miscarriages, and stillbirths. Copper, nickel and zinc are known to cause growth problems in crops. Children exposed to lead may develop behavioral and learning problems. Exposure to mercury in key moments in fetal development can cause learning disabilities and neurological disorders. Molybdenum bioaccumulate in the cattle eat grass, is eaten in excess, can cause anemia, diarrhea, and growth problems.8 These metals can be taken up by plants growing in the sludge and re-enter the human food chain through food livestock. These metals can leach into groundwater. very acid soils, like those found in Maine, may exacerbate the heavy metal leaching.9

B. Pathogens: Bacteria, viruses and parasites
The mud, by their very nature, contains human pathogens: germs like bacteria, viruses and parasites. Whereas exposure to heavy metals can cause problems over time, exposure to these germs is more acute and may cause health problems almost immediately. Due to the extremely large number of pathogens that exist in the world, it is impossible to test the sludge for all types of pathogens. Some pathogens in common sludge include bacteria E-coli and salmonella, hepatitis A, and parasitic worms. Pathogens can cause intestinal problems, other serious diseases and death. Land spreading of sludge can be treated to eliminate some pathogens. By composting the sludge, for example, levels of pathogens can be reduced significantly. Unfortunately, federal and state law allows "Class B" sludge, which has not been treated with more stringent methods pathogen reduction, to be spread. In other words, live pathogens sludge is being spread throughout the state. Unfortunately for residents and workers northern New England, cloudy, humid climates encourage the growth of pathogens. Researchers have found that pathogens can survive in the mud during weeks, months or even years after the reduction treatment processes.
Humans can be exposed to pathogens in the sludge in several ways. It may be that consume plant pathogens that have on them. Children may accidentally access a field of mud and have been exposed to germs. Pathogens also may be spread by domestic animals or wildlife such as deer, to walk through a field of mud.

Dioxin C.: "The Chemical Darth Vader"
Dioxin is an unwanted byproduct of chemical processes involving chlorine. According to EPA, sludge spreading is the largest distributor of land nationally.10 dioxin Dioxin is a known carcinogen and has been associated with reproductive problems, genetic disorders, and endometriosis. Scientific evidence suggests there is no safe exposure level dioxin.11 As one expert called it known dioxin, dioxin is "the Darth Vader of chemicals," because you can see or taste it, but it is deadly. The source of dioxin contamination in the sludge is not known. Could be discharged in the sewer system by unknown sources industrial or residential. Dairy cattle grazing on land sludge may ingest the chemical dioxin and then enter into humans through milk and meat.
7.5. I do not know can hurt us
The Federal Environmental Protection Agency estimates that there are 70,000 synthetic (unnatural) chemicals. However, only 2% of these chemicals have been fully tested. Actually, even the most basic toxicity testing results can not be found on the public record of almost 75% of the most used of these chemicals. The ways in which these chemicals on human health and ways they interact with each other in the environment (its "synergy") are not always known. Nevertheless, industry is only necessary report of the discharge of 1% of these chemicals in waterways and sewers. Despite the release of industrial and domestic chemicals World sludge is only regularly tested for heavy metals and in some cases proof of dioxins and toxic pesticides.

8. Source of chemicals toxic
The sludge containing heavy metals and other contaminants from homes and industry because the use and release to too many toxic chemicals. The sources of contaminants in sludge are many, depending on the specific treatment facility and the community it serves. The pollution sources include industrial discharges, discharges of small businesses, new hospitals, garbage, the leachate from landfills and Superfund sites, including nuclear waste landfills and municipal water and sewerage as whole.12Everything discharged into a sewer that leads to a water treatment plant could become part of the sludge the plant produces. If a worker In an industrial accident dumps toxic chemicals down the drain rather than produce a safe, those chemicals can end up in the mud. Similarly, if a home gardener rinsed bottle containing toxic pesticides in the sink, toxic pesticides could find their way to the sludge.
8.1. Industrial Risks
As noted above, many chemicals used by industry have not been properly tested and are not regulated or reported. Moreover, even in the safest facilities, accidents happen and toxic chemicals can be released into the waste stream. Requires that the central World water treatment for working with large industries to reduce and control the discharge of waste. This pretreatment process "requires companies downloading a large amount of waste in the sewage system or use a large amount of chemicals that could affect the operation of the sewer system. Unfortunately, once companies release heavy metals and other toxins in the sewer system, there is no process to remove these chemicals from the sludge. In addition, all industries in the country to meet 33 pounds of hazardous waste each month on the plant wastewater treatment, without penalty or reporting.13
8.2. Small Business Dangers
Many small businesses are not regulated by their toxic emissions. Are not included in the pretreatment processes. While car garages, dentist offices, photo developers, cleaners, and other small businesses can not individually release a large amount of toxic chemicals, taken as a full contribution to chemicals in the sludge can be dangerous.
8.3. Hospital Risk
All hospitals are required to have toxic chemicals and biological hazards in a form approved by the state. However, accidents happen: a hermometer broken mercury additional human pathogens being washed down the drain, hospitals can contaminate sludge.
8.4. The Municipal Water Pollution and Sewerage
Many towns and cities have water and sewer systems made with lead and copper pipes. metals lead, copper and sometimes leach into the waste stream and sludge contamination. The sludge contamination can also occur if the shell of a city is contaminated with pesticides and other chemicals for which the evidence is not necessary.
8.5. Household Hazards
Of pesticides (including flea shampoos), heavy duty cleaning products hair coloring products that contain toxic chemicals products abound. Any of these chemicals dumped down the drain may become distributed in a farm field or a forest.

9. Sludge Rules
It is almost impossible to know the exact level of toxic materials in each batch of mud, because what is released the waste stream varies from day to day. Although the waste water treatment plant treated waste on site for several days, not every batch of sludge is tested before leaving the plant. Moreover, due to the economy than the concern for the protection of health, that the generators of waste sludge analyzed more frequently. For example, waste is often just dioxin test twice a year because of the cost of the test. A worker may accidentally discharge of pesticides in a sink or storm drain, or someone illegally can dump other toxic chemicals down the drain, and no matter how strict regulations on the books of law, evidence could miss these surges in the pollutants. Regulation and the test can not guarantee the safety of sludge to toxic chemicals are removed from industrial household.

10. Sludge consequences
"Odors are a necessary temporary inconvenience in the practice of agriculture." 14 sludge-like manure smells the odor will dissipate "In a few days." Despite the propaganda of the industry, studies have shown that odors sludge is more than just a nuisance, but they are a threat to public health. harmful gases, called organic amines can be developed from chemical reactions occurring in the sludge. These gases are released when the pH of the sludge rises above 10, as when lime is added. Studies suggest that the sludge can cause odor problems health in humans in 1600 feet of a study by sludge site.15A a former EPA regulator associated with the smells of mud "severe irritation to mucous membranes followed by respiratory infections "among residents who live near a site of sludge. Irritation of the eyes, throat and skin infection pathogens in sludge most likely. The study was carried out after the death of a man suffering from respiratory distress New Hampshire in the vicinity of a mud site.16 residents near sludge sites are not the only victims of the smell of mud. The symptoms associated with organic amine poisoning occur frequently among plant workers waste treatment and sludge haul drivers.
10.1. Deaths associated with sludge
At least two deaths have been associated with the spread of sludge. In October 1994, an eleven-year-old named Tony Behun, was riding dirt bike near his home in Osceola Mills, Pennsylvania. Without knowing it, the boy rode through a muddy field in Class B. She came home covered in dirt and grime. Two days later, he developed a sore throat, headache, and boil a in the left arm. Brenda Robertson, his mother took him to the doctor, who prescribed antibiotics against influenza. The next day, Tony had problems breathing. He died after being flown by helicopter to a hospital in Pittsburgh. The final diagnosis was that Tony had died of a bacterial infection. How does your son contracted the disease remains a mystery to Brenda Robertson until five years later, when he read about an investigation into the death of his son by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Without consulting Brenda, the state published a report concluding that Tony died of a bee sting and that Class B sludge is not spread in the house which was mounted on.
Another sludge-related death occurred in Greenland, New Hampshire. In late October 1995, the Marshall family their lives otherwise quiet tragically interrupted. The sludge is being dumped on a field in rural area. This was only the beginning of the problems of the residents. On Halloween, Joanne Marshall rushed home from work to have your little trick-or-treating child. When I got home and jumped in his car, which was "received by such a stench, which was breathless. "17 The Marshall Islands and its neighbors began suffering from nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, migraine headaches, symptoms of Flu-like, slow reflexes and breathing problems.
10.2. Environmental Assessment and remedy some of them:
Recycling sewage sludge to agricultural land for the benefits of plant essential nutrients and organic matter it contains, seems a reasonable and rational method of management of a material that would otherwise need to have some other non-beneficial way. But it also contains inorganic sludge, organic and biological contaminants and careful so, management is necessary to avoid potential environmental problems. The problems listed in the table below. application of sewage sludge can reduce the large soil pH. This can be avoided if the soil pH is increased by lime application, or if the sludge application rates are limited in some way.
The "no." of bacteria of different genera in sludge varies. In general, total coliform count from 10 to 10 can be found per gram dry weight., While the fecal coliform generally account for 10-10 per gram dry weight. Pathogens should be reduced to levels that are likely to cause a threat to public health and the environment under specified conditions of use processes to significantly reduce pathogens, such as digestion, drying, heating and high pH or its equivalent are most commonly used.
For the elimination of oral contraceptives from sludge mainly two approaches are not ar – physicochemical and microbiological dechlorination affecting the high temperature oxidation (incineration) or reductive (Pyrolysis in an atmosphere of hydrogen). To achieve the level of risk possible, concentrations presticide on the floor and the combined slurry mixture must be less than 1.25 mg / kg dry weight.

Environmental impact and risk assessment of the benefits of recycling sewage sludge on agricultural land (B = beneficial effect, L = Low risk, P = Possible risk, NA = Not applicable.)
Environm-ental PTE parameter Contaminants pathogens organic nitrogen organic phosphorus
Human health LPLBBB
Crop yields LLLBBB
Animal health LLLBB B
Low water quality LLLLLP
The surface water quality LLLPPB
Air quality LLLP NA NA
Soil fertility PLLBBB
Natural PPPPBL ecosystems

11. Sludge Rules
The mud, by its very nature is difficult to regulate. Depending on which chemicals are were released in various sewer systems by the minute, the toxicity of the sludge from the state can vary from day to day, minute by minute. Sludge Regulations do not protect adequate public health and the environment.
11.1. Rules of problems:
• Have weak pollution standards;
• Permit the application of sludge containing live pathogens;
• Discourage the municipalities to be cautious and targeted public health do not allow stricter standards in the state, and
• Citizens marginalize the voices in the process and the sludge industry has greater access to state regulators that the citizen medium.

11.2. Standards Heavy Metals (ppm)
Heavy Metal Sweden Norway Denmark Finland Netherlands European Union
Arsenic 25 N / AN / AN / AN 0.15 / AN / A
Cadmium 0.8 2.0 1.5 * 5 to 10 25.1 2.5 20
Chrome 100 100 N / AN 900 75 100 / A
Copper 1000 600 N / A 800 75 1000 1000
Lead 120 100 100 900 100 80 750
Mercury 0.8 2.5 1 8 0.75 3 16
Nickel 30 50 100 200 30 50 300
Zinc 4000 800 1500 2500 300 800 2500

* Source Harrison, et al. July 1999
11.3. Sludge vs Natural soil

Heavy Metal Sludge Average (ppm) natural soil (ppm) times higher than natural soil
Arsenic 5.6 7.4 1.3
Cadmium 0.37 6.4 4.2
Copper 23.3 16.6 388.0
Chromium 30 1.1 33.3
Lead 3.6 17 61.5
0003 Mercury 400 1.2
Molybdenum 7.5 0.79 9.4
Nickel 1.2 18 22.8
Selenium 0.45 05.07 02.06
Zinc 468.5 68.5 6.8

11.4. The standard values for compounds organic

Compounds in the sludge concentration
HAP 10-10 mg. / Kg
Alkyl phenols 100 – 3000 mg. / Kg
PCB 1-20 mg. / Kg
Cop dibenzo-p-dioxins low chlorine pesticides OC aromatic monocyclic aromatic amines and alkyl benzenes 0 – 1mg./Kg.
Phenols 0 – 5mg./Kg.

12. The solution sludge
If the sludge spread in our communities is dangerous, where to go? What are we supposed to do with this waste? The real question is, how can we eliminate the spread of toxic pollutants in our land and how we can eliminate these contaminants from our water treatment plant waste so that human waste into a commodity becomes really useful and safe? Because the sludge contains toxic chemicals and other pollutants, the best solution to our problem of sludge is the reduction of these pollutants at their source. To drastically reduce the use and disposal of toxic industrial chemicals and domestic that much we can cut the levels of chemicals in sludge. Until the long-term goal of eliminating the use and disposal of toxic chemicals is achieved, the State must:

1. Prohibit the use of sludge containing industrial waste.
2. Demand the strictest level of pathogen reduction.
3. Enlarge and strengthen the evidence and the limits of the toxic sludge.
4. Allow municipalities to enact ordinances that are more stringent than state regulations through the town meeting or voting process throughout the city.
5. Anticipating long-term pH maintenance and monitoring of metal sludge sites.

Also protections across the state, municipalities must also enforce their own ordinances protections through tight control of sludge. It is, after all, communities premises that are most threatened by the spread of sludge.
13. Sludge Disposal
sludge disposal is a global problem and a wide variety of ways evacuation had been taken as directed by local conditions. The final resting place of the sludge should be on land, air or water. Elimination air sludge used largly high temperature incineration or pyrolysis. Although this reduction is sufficient to "stabilize" the mud, a large volume remains for disposal. The disposal of sewage sludge at sea in the now banned because of their perception of environmental effects. The disposal methods of key employees sludge treatment plants for sewage disposal or sale are the lagoons, used for the Municipal Gardens, used for cultivation Instant lawn, land application. The remaining sludge is either stored or dump.

The removal and sludge application must include the following

1. The application must contain a summary of the types of crops grown in the proposed location, method of application of sewage sludge, and an expected spread schedule. The application must also include an analysis of soil nutrients representative for the site.
2. The sludge must provide "agronomic benefits" the crops grown on this land – that is, the generator must demonstrate that the site has a need for food provided by the mud. The farms are using sludge License required to have nutrient management specialist in developing a whole farm nutrient management plan. This plan is the basis for the previous determination that nutrients are needed in the farm.19
3. The application must show that "the state's water will be protected." In practice, state regulators assume that state waters will be protected as long as certain setbacks and dissemination requirements of the application.

4. To this end, the sludge can not be transmitted when the ground is frozen, snow cover, and recorded the water. The sludge can be spread on land that favors the growth of plants that need water, such as wetlands, swamps and others.
5. The soil in the sludge of a proposed site must have a soil layer of six inches and a minimum depth to bedrock of 10 inches for perennial crops (such as hay) and 20 inches for row crops (like corn).
6. For Class B sludge, diffusion can not occur within 25 feet of waterways in the site, including ravines, creeks and wetlands. sludge sites may be located within 75 feet of a river, perennial stream, or large pond.
7. The application must include a statement as to whether or not the site is located in or near a protected natural resource, a sensitive area, and / or river water directly.
8. The generator must demonstrate that the activity of the sludge outreach comply with traffic regulations for the site. This rule is supposed to be met if the spread of sludge activity will result in 16 or fewer vehicle trips day.20
9. The application must include an odor control plan specific to the site to prevent odors on neighboring properties. It is assumed that the odor, air quality and nuisance standards will be met at the site if the site is 300 feet from occupied buildings, if a specific odor plan.21 site control
10. The application must show that the sludge is "not dangerous. For this purpose, the application must include an analysis levels of heavy metals in sludge. If the generator sludge contains heavy metal concentrations above screening levels, then the application should include a sampling and monitoring plan, and show that the highest concentration of heavy metals from soil is not exceeded.

11. The application also should include an analysis of the level of dioxin in the sludge. If a generator sludge contains 27 parts per trillion of dioxin, the application must include a statement signed by the generator, the owner and operator recognizes dioxin in sludge to be spread.
The statement must also include an agreement with the following conditions:
? The site was tested for dioxin within 3 months after the last sludge diffusion.
? If the soil at the site contains 27 parts per trillion Dioxin, then the animals for human consumption consumption can not be grazed in the area, crops for human consumption can not be grown on the site, and writing the site must record this information.

12. The application must also include a sampling: frequency and how the sludge will tested for heavy metals and other toxins.22
13. The sludge will be spread over at least 15 inches above the surface of groundwater. food crops cultured in the room with the vintage pieces that touch the ground will not be harvested for 14 months after the last sludge spreading.
14. If the sludge is maintained in the ground for four months or more before its incorporation in soil, food crops that grow underground can not be harvested for at least 20 months after of the last spread of sludge.
15. Food crops, feed crops and fiber crops grown on the site but have not harvested parts that could touch the mud can not be harvested at least 30 days after the last sludge spreading.
16. Domestic animals can not graze on the land for at least 30 days after of the last spread of sludge.
17. Turf grown on the site can not be harvested for a year after the last sludge
propagation.

18. The application must contain maps of sites, including: a topographic map, a sketch of the site, a tax map, soil map (from U.S. Department of Agriculture); sand and gravel aquifer map and a map of flood zones.
19. The layout of the site should include all the setbacks and buffers that will be incorporated, and the location the site and adjacent roads, wells, and buildings. Topographic maps are used to determine the slopes on the site. Soil, sand and gravel aquifer, and maps flood areas are used to determine if the site is suitable for the purposes of regulation for spreading sludge activities.23

14. Conclusion and Recommendation
14.1. Policy recommendations

? Prohibit sludge containing industrial discharges to be carried out. The best way to ensure that our land countryside is protected from industrial pollution is to prohibit the use of sludge that contains these toxins.

? Require land to spread sewage sludge under the method of strict pathogen reduction available. The sludge with viruses, bacteria and parasites above background levels should not be carried out.
? Expand and strengthen the parameters of the sludge of the evidence. The sludge should be tested more often for more contaminants. In order to better protect public health and environment, the allowable pollution levels should not be solely on the basis of toxicology, but also by natural background levels.
? Let municipalities to enact ordinances that are stricter than the state through a town meeting or in a citywide vote. People who are most sites affected by the sludge are local residents. It is important to have a voice in decisions that affect their community.
? Provide maintenance long-term sludge sites. sludge generators should be responsible for testing the pH of all sludge application sites, whether active or closed, and cover the cost of lime (Or other amendments) to maintain soil pH insurance. All activities of the large volume of sludge should be recorded on the facts so that future prospective buyers are aware of past use of the property.

15.2. Recommendation for municipalities
• The sludge is a particularly important issue for municipalities to monitor: they are local residents who have the most to lose from the threat of sludge.
• In the municipalities that are home to a treatment facility wastewater, local residents, municipal officials and facility managers can work together to implement the recommendations of statewide higher in the local level.
• All peoples have the authority to prohibit the use of sludge, mud or materials (eg compost) municipal property.
• Municipalities can also pass ordinances stricter control of sludges. Although the state preempts local control over the establishment of strict rules there are several ways cities can discourage the spread of the sludge.

15.3. What concerned citizen can do?
Citizens can protect and protect his community from the dangers of sludge to be working proactively in the reform of the sludge. Depending on the needs of the community, people can reform standards through participation sludge municipal officials, local and state public health and environmental groups.
References
1. Dean and Suess (1995). Toxic sludge is good for you!, Center for Media and Democracy. Posted by Common Courage Press, Monroe, ME. p. 101-107.
2. www.vpirg.org on the floor, spread toxic sludge in Vermont, Vermont Public Interest Research Group, VPIRG, 64 Main St., Montpelier, VT 05 602. (802) 223-5221.
3. vpirg@vpirg.org. 7-9.
4. www.vpirg.org, Conversations with DEP officials and staff of the Portland Water District
5. vpirg@vpirg.org on the floor, the spread of toxic sludge Vermont, Vermont Public Interest Research Group, VPIRG, 64 Main St., Montpelier, VT 0560. (802) 223-5221 from. 35-36
6. Maine Solid Waste Rules Management chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Management Solid Waste, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 17.
7. Harrison, Ellen Z. et al, (1999) The Case of Care, Recommendations for land application of sewage sludge and an evaluation of U.S. EPA Part 503 Sludge Rules, Cornell Waste Management Institute, Center for Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. February.
8. www.vpirg.org, vpirg@vpirg.org on the ground, the spread of toxic sludge in Vermont, Vermont Public Interest Research Group, VPIRG, 64 Main St., Montpelier, VT 05 602. (802) 223-5221. 12-14.
9. www.essential.org / cchw America's Children Health Choice or corporate profits, Center for Health, Environment and Justice, PO Box 6806, Falls Church, VA 703.237.2249 22 040, 546
10. Gibbs, Lois Marie et al. (1995) Dying from Dioxin: A Citizen's Guide to the Recovery and Rebuilding Our Democracy Health. South End Press, Boston .. p. 25
11. vpirg@vpirg.org 10-11.
12. Scott, Laura, et al. (1998) Sedimentation in New Hampshire. Answers for local city and town officials in New Hampshire. Sierra Club of New Hampshire. "Land application of sewage biosolids in Maine. "Maine Wastewater Control Association brochure.
13. Lewis, David L., et al. Increased susceptibility to infection by exposure to gases emitted by sewage sludge: A Case Study, Departments of Marine Sciences, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and Medical Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Bioset, Inc., 13 700 Veterans Memorial, Ste 385, Houston, TX, 77 014. (Conclusions)
14. Tuohy, John, (2000) "State of the probe followed wrong way bike ride to a bee sting," U.S. Today, July 13. 20. Statement Joanne Marshall
15. www.essential.org / cchw. "A comparison of heavy metals in sewage sludge, Soil and regulations
16. cchw@essential.org Guidelines, "Maine road 10/10/1900 Department of Environmental Protection. 47
17. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Solid Waste Management, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 2, 21-22.
18. Guidelines, "Maine road 10/10/2000 Department of Environmental Protection.
19. Maine State Management Solid Waste Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A, Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Protection Environment, Office of Solid Waste Management, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 7-10.
20. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Office Solid Waste Management, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 26.
21. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Solid Waste Management, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 7-10 and 26.
22. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapter 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Solid Waste Management, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 400, 28.
23. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, the Department of Solid Waste Management, 17 Station House Government, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 26-27.

About the Author

Md. Wasim Aktar is a Senior Research Fellow in Export Testing Laboratory, APEDA, B.C.K.V., Mohanpur,West Bengal, Pin-741252,India. He is expert in pesticide residue analysis using GC-MS and LC-MS from different environmental samples. He is an Agriculture Graduate and obtained his M.Sc. degree in Agricultural Chemicals from B.C.K.V. He is now doing his Ph.D. work in the same university under the deptt. of Agricultural Chemicals.

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